Mercury may have gained all of its unexpected water in a single day

Around 100 million years ago, the surface of Mercury suddenly underwent a dramatic change. Before then, its surface was relatively dry and ice-free – not surprising, as daytime temperatures there can reach upwards of 430°C (806°F) – but over the course of a single Mercurian day, all that changed.

The poles of Mercury are home to craters whose bottoms never see sunlight, known as permanently shadowed regions. Thanks to NASA’s Messenger spacecraft, which orbited Mercury between 2011 and 2015, we know that those craters contain deposits of ice several metres deep. But how that ice got there is puzzling.

Previous research has suggested that it may have been brought there by a comet-like body around 17 kilometres across that smashed into Mercury at a speed of about 30 kilometres per second. Now, new simulations from Parvathy Prem at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory in Maryland and her colleagues suggest that it may have been a larger, slower collision.

“We’ve known for a while that Mercury’s poles have ice. The idea that those ice deposits might have been laid down by an impactor is also not new, but this is the first time we’ve really modelled that process and visualised what might have gone on from the start to the end,” says Prem. “It’s the first time we’ve looked in detail [at] how exactly the movie plays out.”

That movie starts with a huge chunk of ice and rock slamming into Mercury, creating the enormous Hokusai crater that we see on the planet’s surface today. As the impactor hit the ground, it would have vapourised almost completely, leaving Mercury with an extremely tenuous, but water-rich, atmosphere.

“If we just looked at Mercury with our own eyes, this would have been probably too thin to see. But look at it in the right wavelengths and, briefly, the planet might have been glowing,” says Prem.

While most of the atmosphere would have been quickly destroyed by powerful radiation from the sun, the researchers found that just over one-fifth of the water vapour from the impactor could have migrated to the poles and found shelter in permanently shadowed regions. This is more than many earlier calculations found, which better matches Messenger’s measurements, says Prem. A larger impactor coming in at a slower speed than has previously been suggested would be an even better match, trapping more water on the surface.

If the researchers are correct, all of this would have happened over the course of one Mercurian day, which is 176 Earth days. “This would certainly have been the most eventful day in the last billion years of Mercury’s history,” says Emily Costello at the University of Hawaiʻi.

This could answer the long-standing question of why Mercury has so much ice in its polar craters and Earth’s moon doesn’t, despite the two being remarkably similar in nearly every way. In short: “Mercury recently experienced a large-scale water delivery. The moon didn’t,” says Costello.

It could also help us figure out how and when the rest of the inner solar system, including Earth, got its water. “Mercury’s polar ice deposits are this interesting geological record of how and when water came to be in the inner solar system, and now we’re reading that record and trying to understand what it’s telling us,” says Prem. That mission will be helped along by the BepiColombo spacecraft, which launched in 2018 and will enter orbit around Mercury later this year.